Crime - Surveillance - and Technology Policy

Question: Discuss about the Crime, Surveillance, and Technology Policy. Answer: Introdution: Unmanned Aerial vehicles (UAV) or drones as they commonly known are aircrafts which are remotely controlled by humans or autonomously by a pre-programmed code. Drones are commonly used for two major purposes in the field; surveillance and reconnaissance. However, while meeting their objectives drones have been subject to a number of concerns, for one, they infringe privacy rights. Secondly, the scope of those targeted by the technology is still unspecified. In addition to this, the legal or policy implication of those using the technology is still unknown. These issues among many others make UAV a highly controversial topic in the world. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) UAV technology presents so many problems that its only logical to categorise them based on the field or aspect of life they affect. Some affect privacy, others security and others affect ethical concerns. Moreover, in the field, some interfere with the existing aircraft regulations, a problem to the existing aviation laws. In this case, this assessment will follow a similar approach, starting with the problems associated with privacy, safety and ethics, then, later on, evaluate the technical issues associated with UAVs. Privacy, Safety and Ethical Problems UAV application introduces serious concern on the privacy and safety of citizens regardless of the state or country they belong. For their surveillance applications drone use commercial airspace used by other regular air crafts. Therefore, it has hard to imagine that these devices collect only the relevant information concerning suspected targets without that of regular citizens (Epic. Org 2017). Furthermore, based on their designs drones are made to be small and can fly high in the airspace making them undetectable to the human eye. These features provide them with the capability to perform persistent and constant surveillance to unwary civilians. For instance, consider their commercial application today where companies are developing paparazzi UAVs to spy on celebrities, this seriously infringes on the privacy rights of the individual involved. Moreover, drones seem to be used in areas prone to violence where human rights are ignored as the areas are either designated as terrorists hotbeds or have minimal contribution to the worlds events. This outlook greatly discriminates against the people affected especially minorities whose voice is unheard. Drones as cyber espionage tools is another serious problem, their flexibility which is enabled by the remote control ability can be used to block or interfere with communication. Furthermore, this notation is no longer an idea but a reality, recent research by a security company in London was able to develop a prototype program that could successfully steal data from surrounding devices. In addition to this, this program could successfully acquire data from moving or mobile objects. What this means is a drone could potentially be used to steal data from aircrafts, vehicles and other moving objects. Therefore data from unsuspecting civilians could be stolen by malicious individuals who may acquire the technology. Moreover, interference is the first step to alteration, a time will come when drones will have the capability to alter data stored by moving objects especially commercial aircrafts. This development is in violation of so many laws and policies, from privacy, safety and secrec y, which are common rights accorded to all human beings (InfoSec Institute 2017). Armed UAV, on the other hand, raises serious ethical, legal and safety problems more so when one considers the people who operate these drones. While manning these armed devices the psychological, physical and emotional state of the soldier must be considered. Moreover, their distance from the place of conflict might alter their perspective and how they choose to deploy the weapons (Nolin 2012). In essence, a soldier far away from the conflict zone may be unaffected by the killings he/she commits exposing them to extrajudicial killings. Now, consider the safety of those in the immediate surrounding who may be affected by the actions of these unsuspecting and uninvolved soldiers. Ethically, it may be hard to determine whether the remote soldier values the lives of the people affected by his actions or he perceives his actions as those seen in a video game setup (Cole Wright 2010). Technical Problems Successful UAV implementation depends on the level of drone integration into commercial/civilian airspace. This requirement means that drones must operate within the regulated constructs of aviation, however, if they do so they fail to meet their overall surveillance objective that depends on secrecy and spy-like tactics. Furthermore, regular manned aircraft have a high safety record owing to the fact that the pilot is usually on the device. However, when the person manning the flight is thousands of miles away the safety question comes in mind. Moreover, based on the current statistics, drones still hold a poor safety record, in fact, according to 2003 Congressional Research report, UAV accidents are 100 times more susceptible to occur as compared to a regular manned flight. Technically speaking, UAVs lack the necessary structure of avoiding collisions a difficult topic still being addressed to date (Degarmo 2004). In addition to this, consider the technical problems that arise due to bureaucracy. A bureaucratic environment is prone to errors, bad operation decisions and poor accountability measures. In the end, the objectives sets by drone operations are not achieved and they interfere with the current aviation procedures (McClure 2015). Emerging issues and who they affect UAVs concerns span a broad spectrum of fields and interests, on one hand, they seem to affect many human rights especially those concerned with privacy and safety. In addition to this, drones have a broad scope of capabilities that threatens the modern way of life, for instance, they can monitor an entire community without detection. Such capabilities raise the questions of social justice when one considers the legality of using the technology and the justification of using it on a particular set of people. So, where are the lines drawn to determine those who can use the technology and also those cannot use it? Furthermore, like any other issue affecting societies the hard hit groups/areas are those populated by minorities and those with the least voice. This perception greatly harbours equality and overall social justice accorded to us all (Carr 2016). According to recent Geneva Convention on human rights (2012), drones still fail to follow the legal channels to execute their objectives, especially armed drones which are now famously known as killer drones. These drones lack the necessary accountability measures and exploit loopholes in legislation to validate killings. In fact, most human rights activities see them as a simple licence to kill (UN Human rights 2010). In addition to this, consider the fact that since 2002 more than 4,000 people have been killed by U.S. drone strikes and even more shocking is that the majority of these people are innocent civilians who were at the wrong place and at the wrong time. Furthermore, various groups across the globe have justified these numbers, from the UN to Amnesty International who holds records of civilian injuries as well as deaths. Moreover, according to many reports, drones are also seen to destabilise communities who live in constant fear and hide from the public. Moreover, these a cts of violence violet international laws as the civilian casualties are experienced in foreign lands and not in the drones country of origin. Drone surveillance and strike missions almost seem to depend on a broad spectrum of assumptions, from those who are disproportionately affected by the missions to the interests expressed by the coordinators. According to the Pakistan Ambassador (2012), his country has faced direct indiscriminate attacks by foreign drones whose actions fail to follow a defined pattern or verified criminal events. To him, drone strikes have targeted innocent civilians especially children and women who are the mass causalities of the strikes (Khor 2012). So, maybe the drone strikes do take out known terrorists but the innocent civilians caught in the crossfires are too many to ignore, more so when they are considered to be women and children who sometimes fail to get past the explosions. UAVs present considerable issues and problems that have different impacts on the lives of innocent civilians. Moreover, they seem to creep into most policies of justice, human rights and privacy. In addition to this, they seem to heavily affect groups in the lowest living class of the society. This is highly unfortunate and immensely unjust, therefore, are drones and their accompanying technology necessary? For some part, yes. Criminals have drastically changed their ways due to technology and innovation. Today, old law enforcement tactics fail to combat law breakers, therefore, new and innovative ways are needed to combat criminals and their heinous acts especially terrorism. UAVs help acquires the relevant intelligence which is then used to combat terrorism, to this end, drones are a justifiable technology (InfoSec Institute 2017). When used as a surveillance and reconnaissance tool they make sense to authorise and mandate within the confines of the law. However, they face a negati ve impact when they are used to carry out air strikes especially on innocent civilians. Therefore, as a tool of acquiring information, authorised by the legal framework they serve to guard the interest of the people and should be supported with the necessary investments. Recommendations Regardless of the problems that are associated with surveillance and especially UAVs, no one can disapprove their importance, from preventing terrorist acts to providing rescue worker with insights into saving lives. Therefore, the solution to these problems lies in the policies developed as well as the ethical investment made in the field, particularly in the development and control mechanisms (Washington University 2013). Moreover, based on the current legislation, drones and their related activities will expand rapidly in coming years due to the provisions to use them in the field (FAA 2012). Therefore, the questions that need to be answered is on how to regulate them within the laws and in a manner that safeguards all human rights. So far, several countries have enacted laws that require law enforcement services to acquire government permits or warrants before using drones regardless of the objectives they are set to achieve. However, the problems with most of these laws are that they are used to govern the technology itself (drone the device) and not the outcome they have on the affected people. Few laws exists that outline the harm produced by drone activities which leave the necessary loopholes to conduct extreme surveillance missions supported by sophisticated technology. In actual facts, today a government agency can commission airstrikes and surveillance missions using unmanned aerial vehicles but an agricultural organisation cannot use the same technology to monitor pollution. These laws need to change in a way that focuses on the outcome and not the technology itself (McNeal 2014). Legislation should define the scope and severity of drone activities to limit the power of drone activities. Nevertheless, when considering the threat of surveillance drones raise one contentious issue. According to privacy advocate, government agencies should acquire warrants prior to using drones for surveillance missions. However, consider public events such as Marathons where previously policemen are used to man rooftops and monitor the events. Now, for a drone to perform a similar operation, the same agencies must prove a possible threat to get a warrant which they mail fail to have hence lack the necessary tools to counter terrorist acts. This scenario shows the dynamic nature of drone activities and the laws used to govern them. Therefore, legislation should consider all possible scenarios and provide unique policies that have the publics best interests at heart. On top of legislation, the governing bodies must develop the standard technical requirements for UAVs to avoid the technical problems associated with these devices. Moreover, these standards should also include the operational framework of each and every device in use as some will have better capabilities as compared to others. In addition to this, aviation agencies e.g. the FAA should come up with specific routes for these devices not only for order but also for monitoring purposes. Finally, ethical concerns and issues, this may fall on the individuals themselves and more so when it comes to military operations. Military codes of conduct that advocates for values such as honour, valour and courage should be at the forefront of all drone activities and missions. These virtues should be emphasised when training the drone pilots and also when developing the controlling programs used to control the devices. Fundamentally, this simple actions may serve as the necessary foundation for developing a moral and ethical UAV systems. A combination of legislative laws and good moral/ethical values may help eliminate some of the problems/issues faced by the UAV programs, which is clearly an important development for future safety. References Amnesty International, 2017, killing outside the bounds of law? Drones, Available from: https://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/issues/security-and-human-rights/drones [22 January 2017] Carr. E. B, 2016, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Examining the Safety, Security, Privacy and Regulatory Issues of Integration into U.S. Airspace, NCPA, Available from: https://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/sp-Drones-long-paper.pdf [22 January 2017] Cole. C Wright. J, 2010, what are drones? Drone wars UK, Available from: https://dronewars.net/aboutdrone/ [22 January 2017] DeGarmo. M. T, 2004, Issues Concerning Integration of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Civil Airspace, Centre for Advanced Aviation System Development, Available from: https://www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwj__uHFjtXRAhULGBQKHWBMC54QFggeMAAurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mitre.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2F04_1232.pdfusg=AFQjCNE6SciCC7Prs3KB3v2O20XFwyJadgsig2=mD3eFJd-4I-2b6SvnoitUA [22 January 2017] Epic org, 2017, Domestic Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Drones, Available from: https://epic.org/privacy/drones/ [22 January 2017] InfoSec Institute, 2017, Privacy and Security Issues for the Usage of Civil Drones, Available from: https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/privacy-security-issues-usage-civil-drones/ [22 January 2017] Khor. M, 2012, Drone Strikes Very Much a Human Rights Issue, Global research, Available from: https://www.globalresearch.ca/drone-strikes-very-much-a-human-rights-issue/32281 [22 January 2017] McClure. M, 2015, 5 big problems with the drone programs, FP voice, Available from: https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/12/10/5-big-problems-with-the-drone-programs/ [22 January 2017] McNeal. G, 2014, Drones and aerial surveillance: Considerations for legislatures, Brookings, Available from: https://www.brookings.edu/research/drones-and-aerial-surveillance-considerations-for-legislatures/ [22 January 2017] Nolin. P. C, 2012, Unmanned aerial vehicles: opportunities and challenges for the alliance, NATO Parliamentary Assembly, Available from: https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ul_kom/natopa/docs/raporlar_2012/b3.pdf [22 January 2017] University of Washington, 2013, Domestic Drones: Technical and Policy Issues, Technology and Public Policy Clinic, Available from: https://www.law.washington.edu/clinics/technology/reports/droneslawandpolicy.pdf [22 January 2017]

Business Intelligence Systems Getting Value -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Business Intelligence Systems Getting Value? Answer: Introduction Telstra is one of the biggest telecommunication companies in Australia that provides hands on services to the people in the field of media and digital communication. Telstra is a leading producer of large number of mobile phones, prepaid mobile, digital broad band services and other services to the people. In Australia they provide 17.4 million mobile services and 3.5 million broadband services. It has been in the business from past many decades and has been giving stiff competition to many other telecom companies that operate in this field. They mainly try to use the new generation technological updates to provide solutions to the people and aims to provide the largest and the fastest telephone connection to the Australians(Abbott, Daugherty, Parker, Peters, 2016). The company has also ventured into other fields and has a large human resource that effectively manages all its operations. They are not only actively present in Australia but functions in many other international countr ies also. They aim for having a global presence in as many as 20 countries in different parts of the world. The business is growing with revenues running into billions. The audit of the company is an important aspect of it that helps in understanding whether the financials are able to show the true state of affair of the business(Chariri, 2017). As per the annual reports of the company the major investing activities consists of payment for property plant and equipments and payments for the various intangible assets of the company. The major financing activities of the company includes share buyback, repayment of financial leases, finance cost paid, dividend expenses all are part of the financing activities. The financial statements of the company are prepared as per the , International Financial Reporting Standards and Interpretations and as per the Corporation Act 2001. The statements are prepared to make sure that the books of the company are showing a true and fair of the financials of the company. All the necessary accounting and auditing standards have been followed and the same has been stated by the auditors of the company(Das, 2017). The books of accounts of the company are prepared as per the going concern basis and the same has been declared in the directors report. The notes of accounts of the financial statements have been prepared in brief where all the important points are highlighted. The company is growing exceptionally well and is trying to expand their area of operations. Industry overview The Telecom industry in Australia has been growing since the last ten decades with the growth in technology. The digitalization era is characterized by strong data transfer and network requirements that will help in development of the telecommunication industry. There are large number of companies that are working in the telecom industry and there is healthy competition is there that has helped in development of the services that the end consumers receives. The main characteristics of the telecom industry is high speed internet, effective cloud designing and storage and transfer of data over the same. There are many new avenues that have opened in the telecom market(Fay Negangard, 2017). Every industry now requires high speed data to operate efficiently and that has improved the demand of the telecommunication industry. The main element that is responsible for the success of this industry is the presence of strong data analytics and that is seamlessly been incorporated in todays era . The industry is driven by strong technological innovations an development(Grenier, 2017). There has been huge growth since the past decades and the same is expected to continue in the coming years as the demand for the internet increases and the entire world is going towards digitalization. If we go through reports today the annual revenue that the telecom sector is generating is $40 million in 2016.The overall growth has been 20 percent. The major player in the market is TPG Telecom, Vodafone, Telstra, Optus etc. Telstra has the highest marketing share in this industry and is also the top companies that have been expanding to many other countries also(Grenier, 2017). The market is extremely flexible at the lower levels where easily operators can enter but mainly three four companies dominate the overall market and is responsible for its growth and development. They are all working towards providing content services to the consumers. The major critical success factor in this type of industry is the amount of digitization they are ready to bring and the amount of innovations that are being introduced that will help in providing better services to the consumers. There are so many services that the companies are providing to the consumers like mobile services, internet, dth services, along with the latest introduction of the cloud computing services that are used by so many companies for storage their data and their overall operations(Jones, 2017). The few threats that this industry faces is that entry is very easy in the lower levels where small operators can easily take over this may destroy the business of the top companies in some way or the other. Because the small companies are providing same services at the cheapest prices none of the customers will be ready to pay expensive prices to the big companies. This has increased the total amount of competition. The company is now defined by cloud computing and other digital services and the companies often face security risks because the data can be lost and there are many hackers that unethically try to make misuse of these information(Knechel Salterio, 2016). Thus security is an important concern for these kinds of companies. The reach of these companies have improved a lot over the year. In case of Telstra it is not only the leading company in Australia but is also trying to operate effectively in other parts of the world. The companies have strong expansion plans and are trying for the same(Maynard, 2017). As we see through the annual reports, the revenue of the company runs into billions and the company is also investing a lot in research and development that has helped the company in bringing changes to its overall processes. The legal environment of the company is characterized by the various rules and regulations that the company requires to follow and the various steps that they need to take to maintain the same. The companies need to prepare their financial reports as per a particular framework and in case they deviate from the same then they will be penalized. The management of the company can be held liable in cases there are any loopholes in its functioning. The government rules and all the other legalities must be properly followed(Muller, Ward, Moodley, 2017). The companies must pay the respective amount of taxes as and when required. They need to make sure that the employees of the company are following the same and are preparing the books as per the prescribed guidelines. The legal environment that is there in Australia is flexible in a way that the importance is given to the substance then to the form of any legal need and any issues arising from the same External Environmental Factors The Pest analysis is a type of analysis in which the overall legal social economic and political factors that affects the functioning of any company are discussed in details. In the given section, we will do a PEST analysis of the Telstra Company and see what those factors that affect this company are Political Factors The main political factors that regulate the economy and the telecom industry are that there are a lot of regulations, trade barriers, national radio spectrums and network licensing that the company has to deal with. The operators that are based in the lower levels of the industry do not feel the affect much but those that are operating at the highest levels have a lot of issues because of all these regulations. But now days a lot of privatization and deregulation has occurred that has helped the companies a lot. This has helped in the overall development of the top companies because there are less amount of government intervention and also fewer issues that are related with human rights(Muller, Ward, Moodley, 2017). Economic Factors Economic factors are those factors that affect the GDP of the economy and are characterized by the demand and supply effect and the overall purchasing power of the consumers. The main economic factors that had affected the telecom companies in the past have been recession due to which these companies were spending less on the telecom expenses. Telecom expenses are not a necessity and hence when the income is low, people avoid spending their money on it. The overall changes in the technology have brought a lot of changes in the economy and there are free trade barriers because of which entry and exit into the market has become easy. Social Factors The social factors are characterized by the needs and the taste of the people. The main factors are governed by what the consumer needs and what does he spends his money on. With the increase in the usage of internet, people are ready to spend a lot in the telecom services. It has socially affected a lot of lives by making the process of data transfer extremely easy and flexible and has helped in improving the overall business of these companies. Technological Factor Technology is the main factor that affects this kind of industry. It is very important that the companies bring new innovations in their services with the help of the technology. It is a very necessary in this era of digitalization. It affects the overall growth and development of the company and has also helped in making the Telstra is the leading telecommunication company in Australia. It has a wide range of service related portfolio with many diversified products. It has one of the strongest consumer bases and has also expanded in other countries as well(Werner, 2017). It has a strong employee base with more than 35 thousand employees that are operating in more than 230 countries and cities of the world. It also has major sponsorships in large number of sports evenThe major weakness of the company is that its overall liquidity position is very limited and also there is a very tough market segment that has increased a lot of competition as there are so many companies operating in t he same industry. The major opportunities that the company has are that the demand for the telecom services is increasing at a fast speed. The growing IT services market is a proof that the demand for the high data services will increase. The launch of the new 4G broad band data services has also opened new doors for the company. The company also has undertaken various strategic growth initiatives that has helped in their overall growth and development. The major threats that the company faces is that there is large amount of competition in the industry. This has posed a great threat to its overall market share. The various rules and regulations of the company and the various IT acts make it difficult for the companies to function smoothly. The changes in the technology is happening at a very fast pace which makes it difficult for the companies to cope up with the same. These are the few of the threats that the Telstra Company faces in the telecommunication industry. Porter Five forces analysis The Porter Five Forces Analysis is related to the various threats that the company faces with regard to the competition and rivalry that is present in the market. In the given case we see that there are many top players in this business which makes the competition very stiff. The companies also faces threats from new entrants as entry and exit into the industry is easy at the lower levels. The low level operators provides cheap services and hence people are willing to take form them only. This affects the business of the top players(Venezia, 2017). The other related cost that affects the growth of the company is the total cost that the company needs to the security services and also the overall cost of the research and development that the company is undertaking. The various external factors that affects the company are technological changes that are happening at a very fast speed and the companies often find it difficult to cope up. The companies needs to be in synced with the same else they will lose on a big consumer base and that might affect their overall operations and functions(Sweeting, 2017). Auditing is a process by which the auditor checks the books of records of the company and comment whether they have been prepared effectively or not and are showing a true or fair view or not. The three types of audit risks are detection risk which occurs when the auditor fails to detect major errors and issues. Inherent risks that occur because of certain factors that is not in the control of the management and control risks that occur when the management fails to employ effective control methods. Identification of the risk and reducing the same is a very important part of the overall audit process. a) Industry development: The main risk that is associated with the industry is that entry and exit is very easy that the lower levels. This increases the overall competition. b) New Product and Development: With changes in the technology occurring at a fast speed, it has become difficult for the companies to keep in sync with the same. c) Expansion of the business: The market of the business is already having many big players like Vodafone and TPG Telecom that makes expansion very difficult during those times. d) New accounting requirements: Every now and then new changes are being introduced in the already existing reporting framework, which makes it difficult for the companies to comply with the same. e) Regulatory requirements: In case of the telecommunication business there are a large number of rules and regulations that the business has to follow for its overall development. f) There are a large number of issues that are associated with the current requirements as a large number of companies find It very difficult to comply with. g) In case of use of data analytics and cloud computing, the companies need to maintain the highest level of data security, else the companies might lose very vital information. Thus the need for effective IT practices is very genuine h) If the companies do not do proper research and analysis before implementing the new strategies then the companies might face huge amount of loss in case the new strategy fails. Industry Analysis After going through the annual reports of both the companies it can be said both the companies are performing extremely well. In case of TPG we see that the overall return on assets and the return on equity is table. This shows that the company is earning profit and the shareholders are getting their share of return on the money that they have invested in the company. The company is also improving because the net profit margin and the gross profit margin is very stable. The overall liquidity position of the company has detoriated because the current ratios and the quick ratios have declined. In case of Telstra the shareholders are not in a good position as the return on assets and equity have decreased(Muller, Ward, Moodley, 2017). The company has strong internal control measures and the liquidity position is also very stable as the net profit and the gross profit margin is stable. The Company is the leader in the field of telecommunications because of its strong position in trading on equity. Understand the management and governance It is very important that the auditors apply all kind of processes to identify the basic risk factors and mitigate the same. The management of the company must help the auditor by providing them with all the necessary support that they might required.It is important that the auditor does proper research of the company and its area of operations and then apply the basic processes and helps in designing of the overall control(DeZoort Harrison, 2016). The management must also apply proper control methods and make sure that their employees are trained enough to apply the same. The auditor must not be biased in their judgment and should not be influenced by outside sources. In case of the Telstra it is important that the company should keep its strong expansion policies going and should apply the necessary amount of changes that may be required. The company must spend money in research and development as that will help in the progress of the company. The company also need to make sure th at it keeps holding it strong position and should be the best in the business as it already is(Laursen Thorlund, 2016). Conclusion After the entire analysis it can be said that the company has large number of factors that is going in its favor. The company holds the highest market share in the business and will continue to do so in the times to come. The growing demand for the IT related services is a boom for the company in many ways and will the company to prosper in the times to come. The company should keep its strong technological innovations going as it will help the company in having an edge over its competitors. The company is one of the best in the business and the above analysis effectively proves so(Trieu, 2017) Refrences Abbott, L., Daugherty, B., Parker, S., Peters, G. (2016). INTERNAL AUDIT QUALITY AND FINANCIAL REPORTING QUALITY: THE JOINT IMPORTANCE OF INDEPENDENCE AND COMPETENCE. Journal of Accounting Research, 54(1), 3-40. Chariri, A. (2017). FINANCIAL REPORTING PRACTICE AS A RITUAL: UNDERSTANDING ACCOUNTING WITHIN INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK. Journal of Economics, accounting, 14(1). Das, P. (2017). Financing Pattern and Utilization of Fixed Assets - A Study. Asian Journal of Social Science Studies, 2(2), 10-17. DeZoort, F., Harrison, P. (2016). Understanding Auditors sense of Responsibility for detecting fraud within organization. Journal of Business Ethics, 1-18. Fay, R., Negangard, E. (2017). Manual journal entry testing : Data analytics and the risk of fraud. Journal of Accounting Education, 38, 37-49. Grenier, J. (2017). Encouraging Professional Skepticism in the Industry Specialization Era. Journal of Business Ethics, 142(2), 241-256. Jones, P. (2017). Statistical Sampling and Risk Analysis in Auditing. NY: Routledge. Knechel, W., Salterio, S. (2016). Auditing:Assurance and Risk (fourth ed.). New York: Routledge. Laursen, G., Thorlund, J. (2016). Business Analytics for Managers: Taking Business Intelligence Beyond Reporting (Second ed.). CANADA: Wiley Publisher. Maynard, J. (2017). Financial accounting reporting and analysis (second ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Muller, C., Ward, M., Moodley, T. (2017). The relationship between the management of payables and the return to investors. Journal South African Journal of Accounting Research, 31(1), 35-43. Sweeting, P. (2017). Financial Enterprise Risk Management (Second ed.). UK: Cambridge University Press. Trieu, V. (2017). Getting value from Business Intelligence systems: A review and research agenda. Decision Support Systems, 93, 111-124. Venezia, I. (2017). Behavioral Finance: 'Where Do Investors'' Biases Come From?'. Singapore: WORLD SCIENTIFIC. Werner, M. (2017). Financial process mining - Accounting data structure dependent control flow inference. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 25, 57-80.

Essay Writing Tips - How to Write a Personal Essay Sample on Health and Innovation

Essay Writing Tips - How to Write a Personal Essay Sample on Health and InnovationWe all need to have a personal essay sample on health and innovation if we want to stand out in the competition. This article is going to give you some tips on how to write a great personal essay sample on health and innovation for the essay finals.The first tip for writing a good essay is to make sure that the essay is not a list of facts. A list of facts is one of the easiest ways to get rejected, and one of the hardest ways to do well. A good essay that is well-written should tell the reader something about the writer and the ideas that are being presented.The second tip is to always start with an overall theme. As mentioned earlier, this should be a thesis statement. The thesis statement should be well-written, and it should state the main point or idea that the essay is about. A thesis statement should also contain a bit of information, but it should be focused on the person or company that is bein g criticized.Another important thing to remember when writing a personal essay sample on health and innovation is to make sure that the essay is not too short. A very long essay may look good to the reader, but it can be hard to follow when they want to know more. Try to keep your essay under two hundred and fifty words, so that it will not seem like a drab document.A good idea for writing a personal essay sample on health and innovation is to make sure that the essay contains a lot of vocabulary words. Make sure that you include all of the technical terms that are used in your own field of expertise. When you include technical terms, make sure that you put the word in quotes so that the reader knows that the word is a word that is being used in your field of expertise.A great tip for writing a personal essay sample on health and innovation is to write about a person that the reader can relate to. If you write about a person that you know, you will be able to get a better feel for t heir work. When you write about a person that you don't know, you will find that you have more trouble explaining your work and your reason for writing it, because the reader may not relate to you or your points.One last thing to remember when writing a personal essay sample on health and innovation is to not use the word 'innovation' too much. Keep in mind that the word 'innovation' has been overused in the last twenty years or so, and it can cause the reader to think that the essay is written about something that it isn't. Try to keep your essay as personal as possible.So, I hope that you have learned some tips on how to write a personal essay sample on health and innovation. A well-written essay can really help you get into the best college that you ever wanted to go to.

The Sewerage System In Malaysia Construction Essay Example For Students

The Sewerage System In Malaysia Construction Essay Sewage systems are one of the most of import substructures in building of residential, industrial or commercial undertaking as it determines the quality of life enjoyed by a community. It consists of a web of belowground cloaca pipes, pump Stationss, sewerage intervention workss and sludge intervention installations. This system normally operates based on by gravitation due to the incline of the pipe which reduces the high cost required for pumping. We will write a custom essay on The Sewerage System In Malaysia Construction specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Sewers are farther classified into a few classs, which depend on the type of effluent that each of it carries. For illustration, storm cloacas are designed to transport stormwater from roofs, paved countries, pavings and roads ; industrial cloacas are designed to transport effluent generate from the industry ; healthful cloacas are designed to transport the waste H2O from cooking and rinsing and the wastes from lavatories. There is another type of cloaca which is known as combined cloacas. These types of cloacas are designed to transport stormwater, industrial wastes, and domestic sewerage. In Malaysia, many towns and metropoliss use the separate cloaca system. The effluent is transported in separate pipes from storm cloacas, industrial cloacas and healthful cloacas. This system will non see CSOs ( Combine Sewer Overflows ) which normally happen to combined cloaca. The implosion therapy will do by stormwater merely. Sewage system is really of import as it helps people to transport the wastes or sewage off from their topographic points. Therefore, the system must be working good because improper operation system will take to pollution and taint of assorted facets of our environing which affect human life and wellness. Hence, regular care must be done to the bing sewage system and appropriate design must be applied to the new sewage systems to guarantee the sewage systems are in good status. The efficiency of the sewage system is affected by the flow of the effluent. In planing a sewage system, the type and size of the pipe to be used must be able to suit the extremum flow. The extremum flow is based on the population equivalent which is a direct measuring of the population in an country. When planing the sewage, there is a criterion and standards that should be followed. The standard codification of pattern for sewage design in Malaysia ( MS 1228:1991 ) was adopted from British Standard ; BS 8005:1987. However, British Standard may non be as applicable to Malaysia due to the season and clime factor which have direct consequence on the extremum flow. This is the chief ground of making this research to happen out whether the criterion is suited to be used in Malaysia. Outline1 Problem Statement2 1.3Research Aims3 1.4 Scope of Research4 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW5 2.1 Sewage System in Malaya6 Figure 2.1 Flow of effluent from private pipe to public pipe ( USJ 23 Residence7 2.2 Transportation of Wastewater8 Figure 2.2 Transportation system of Wastewater ( Michigan Environmental Education Curriculum,9 Wastewater Treatment )10 2.3 Concept A ; Theory11 2.4 Measure for Effluent12 Table 2.1 Equivalent Population, PE ( MS1228:1991 )13 No.14 Type of Premises/Establishment15 Population Equivalent ( recommended )16 A17 A18 A19 A20 A21 A22 2.4.2 Sanitary/Domestic Wastes23 2.4.2.1 Lending Population24 2.4.2.2 Average Daily Flow25 2.4.2.3 Average Hourly Flow Rate26 2.5 Design Wastewater Flow27 2.5.1 Design Equations28 2.5.2 Factors Affecting Sewer Design29 2.5.2.1 Gravity Sewer Design30 Figure 2.2 ( a ) Part-full pipe flow without surcharge31 ( B ) Pipe flow with surcharge ( David and John, 2011 )32 2.6 Pipe Materials for Gravity Sewer33 Table 2.2 Pipe Materi als for Gravity Sewer34 Types of Pipe Material35 Length ( m )36 Diameter ( millimeter )37 Pipe Joints38 A39 A40 A41 A42 A43 A44 A45 A46 A47 A48 A49 A50 A51 A52 A53 A54 A55 A56 A57 A58 A59 Chapter 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY60 3.1 Introduction61 3.2 Preliminary Plants62 3.2.1 Information Gathering63 3.2.2 Standard Code of Practice for Design and Installation of Sewerage Systems64 ( MS1228:1991 )65 3.3 Site Work66 3.3.1 Flow Characteristics Measurement Problem Statement Any sewage system will be designed to transport a certain sum of sewerage based on the population equivalent ( PE ) . In sewage design, the per capita flow and the peak flow rate ( Qpeak ) are of import parametric quantities. Based on British Standard, the per capita flow is 225L/day/person and the extremum flow factor, K is 4.7. However, a old survey indicated lower per capita flow and peak flow factor in the sewage system in Malaysia although no conclusive consequences were obtained ( Dayalan, 2007 ) . A lower extremum flow factor will ensue in smaller pipes which will incur lower cost. Therefore, farther research is needed to analyze the suitableness of current design standard for sewage system located in tropical climes. 1.3Research Aims The aims of the survey are: To obtain flow informations from pre-determined cloaca tributary country. To measure the parametric quantity in the extremum flow factor equation for medium graduated table sewage catchment system. To find the relationship between population of an country to the extremum flow of sewage system. 1.4 Scope of Research To roll up relevant information of sewage design from selected literatures. To happen out relevant expression provided in selected codifications for sewage design. To analyze the extremum flow factor in sewer line that serve the PE value of 1000-10000. To mensurate flow features by utilizing flow metre with build-in detector in manholes at Tropicana Indah. To compare the consequences obtained with the expression in the standard codification. To do recommendation on the feasibleness of the codification expression to tropical clime. Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Sewage System in Malaya The sewage system is designed to roll up effluent or disgusting sewerage generated from residential, industrial and commercial countries through sewer pipes and discharges it to the intervention workss or installations to guarantee the sewerage is released to the natural H2O organic structures in an appropriate status and quality ( Geoffrey, 2004 ) . In Malaysia, sewage systems range from simple lavatory with small or no intervention provided to modern sewerage intervention workss that treat the sewerage to the desired quality conformity to environment criterion. There are two chief types of sewage system in Malaysia. A premiss sewage system is either connected to a public sewerage intervention works or an single infected armored combat vehicle. Indah Water Konsortium ( IWK ) is responsible to supply service and care to public sewerage intervention workss and all the belowground pipes and besides provide desludging services to single infected armored combat vehicles ( Abd Aziz, 2006 ) . IWK decided to split the belowground pipe into two subdivisions, public pipe and private pipe ( Figure 2.1 ) to do certain that all belowground pipes operate without any job. Public pipe is under the duty of IWK and the private pipe is under single duty. An person have to pay for the IWK services when the private pipe demand for serving. ( Abd Aziz, 2006 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.usj23.com/planet_free/sewage_system/Sewage % 20System.jpg Figure 2.1 Flow of effluent from private pipe to public pipe ( USJ 23 Residence 2.2 Transportation of Wastewater Wastewater is normally transported through sewer pipes that are connected to the cloaca brinies by clay, cast-iron, or polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) pipes that scope from 80-100mm diameter. The big cloaca brinies can be located about 1.8m deep or more than that along the center line of a street or tract. The little and big cloaca pipes are made by different stuff, in which the smaller cloaca pipes are made of clay, concrete, or asbestos cement, and the big cloaca pipes are made of strengthened concrete building. The flow of effluent is different from water-supply system. The H2O supply is transported to each house by the application of force per unit area. However, the effluent from each house is flows through sewer pipes by gravitation. Therefore, the cloaca pipe must put on incline surface to let the effluent to flux at a speed of at least 0.8m/s and non more than 4m/s. ( MS1228:1991 ) . If the effluent flows at speed lower than 0.8m/s, the solid stuff tends to settle in the pipe whic h will take to blockage. Storm-water brinies have similar construction as healthful cloacas but they have a much larger diameter than healthful cloacas. In certain topographic points, the urban cloaca brinies are connected to interceptor cloacas, which can so fall in to organize a bole line. The bole line will so dispatch the effluent into the wastewater-treatment works. This transit procedure is shown in Figure 2.2. As the interceptors and bole lines will transport the effluent discharge from sewer chief, they are normally made of brick or reinforced concrete which can transport more burden than the other pipe. Sometimes, they are big plenty for a truck to go through through them. ( Norhan Abd Rahman et.al, 2007 ) .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f , .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .postImageUrl , .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f , .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f:hover , .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f:visited , .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f:active { border:0!important; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f:active , .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Overpopulation Essayhypertext transfer protocol: //techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module21/images/CombinedSewer.jpg Figure 2.2 Transportation system of Wastewater ( Michigan Environmental Education Curriculum, Wastewater Treatment ) 2.3 Concept A ; Theory In planing a sewage pipe web, the pump Stationss and sewerage intervention workss are required to transport and pump volumetric flow rate. The flow rates are normally measured in three-dimensional metre per second ( m3/s ) and need to be calculated for both bing land usage and for expected hereafter development. There are two parametric quantities that are used to cipher expected flow rates. One of the parametric quantities is per capita flow. This per capita flow of 225L/person/day is an mean day-to-day flow, which means a individual will bring forth 225 litres of sewerage in a twenty-four hours. Another design parametric quantity named population equivalent ( PE ) of a catchment can besides be used to cipher the flow rate. PE is non a step of population. However, it is used to mensurate the estimated figure of people that use the sewerage installations. In residential countries, the PE is a direct measuring of the population in an country which is calculated as five per home. The PE has a different method of measuring in commercial country. It is calculated from the floor country and this PE value is considered to be relative to the figure of people utilizing a premiss during the twenty-four hours which does non reflect the population life in an country. 2.4 Measure for Effluent 2.4.1 Tributary Area Tributary country is an country from where the effluent is being transported to a peculiar cloaca subdivision. The types of activities in that country determine the measure of effluent being collected by a peculiar subdivision. A study has to be done when there is no information available on bing countries in order to find the figure and categorization of individuals and the types of industries. ( Guyer, 2010 ) Table 2.1 shows the method of ciphering the PE. Table 2.1 Equivalent Population, PE ( MS1228:1991 ) No. Type of Premises/Establishment Population Equivalent ( recommended ) 1 Residential 5 per unit 2 Commercial: A A ( include entertainment/recreational Centres, eating houses, cafeteria, theaters ) 3 per 100m gross country 3 School/Educational Institutions: A A Day schools/institutions 0.2 per pupil A Full moon residential 1 per pupil A Partial derivative residential 0.2 per pupil for non-residential pupil and 1 per pupil for residential pupil 4 Hospitals 4 per bed 5 Hotels ( with dining and wash installations ) 4 per room 6 Factories ( excepting procedure wastes ) 0.3 per staff 7 Market ( Wet Type ) 3 per stall 8 Petrol kiosks/Service Stationss 18 per service bay 9 Bus terminus 4 per coach bay 2.4.2 Sanitary/Domestic Wastes 2.4.2.1 Lending Population In planing the flow, the population to be used depends on the location of the cloaca. The design population in a residential country is based on the figure of houses served. However, the design population for an industrial country is the maximal figure of staff of all time employed. The design population for cloacas that serve both residential and industrial countries include occupants and non-residents. Designing of these cloacas denote that no individual should be counted more than one time. Allowances should be made for future population alterations caused by maestro planning projections and installation forces demands. ( Guyer, 2010 ) 2.4.2.2 Average Daily Flow The mean day-to-day flow is counted by multiplying the population equivalent from occupant and non-resident with the appropriate per capita flow and adding the two flows generated from both resident and non-resident. The mean day-to-day flow shows the entire volume of waste generated over a 24-hour period. It can non be used for wastes that were generated over shorter periods of 8, 10, 12 hours, etc. Therefore, it can merely be used for planing cloacas that generate effluent over a 24-hour period ( e.g. residential country ) . In Malaysia, the mean day-to-day flow for residential country is normally taken as 225L/person/day. In industrial countries, the mean day-to-day flow is taken every bit 115L/person/day as non-resident forces and employees is working for 8-hour displacements. These measures are normally used in planing effluent intervention installations. However, they are besides used for sizing interceptors, bole cloacas and pumping Stationss functioning big parts of the insta lling. ( Guyer, 2010 ) 2.4.2.3 Average Hourly Flow Rate Average hourly flow rate is used for planing cloacas that serve little countries of the installing ( e.g. industrial country ) , where most of the effluent is generated by non-residents or other short term residents. The mean hourly flow rate is counted based on the existent period of waste coevals. For illustration, 1000 non-residents with an mean day-to-day flow of 115L/person/day would bring forth 115,000 litres in 8 hours which is tantamount to an mean hourly flow rate of 14,375 L/h or 345,000 L/d. However, the mean day-to-day flow would still be 115,000 L/d. Therefore, the cloaca must be designed hydraulicly to transport 115,000 litres of waste in 8 hours alternatively of 24 hours ( Guyer, 2010 ) . If the cloaca is designed to transport a waste of 115,000 litres in 24 hours, so the cloaca pipe will non be able to transport the wastes as the existent volume of wastes generated is more than the design waste. This will take to the obstruction of sewer pipes and flood in the lavator y. 2.5 Design Wastewater Flow The design flow of effluent must be determined for any subdivision of a proposed cloaca. The design flow is non merely based on healthful sewerage ; industrial flows, inflow and infiltration must besides be taken into history. The followers shows the equation to find the extremum flow factor and the factor to be considered in sewage design. 2.5.1 Design Equations The extremum flow required to plan cloacas, pumping station and intervention installations are calculated by the undermentioned equation: Peak flow factor = 4.7 ten p-0.11 p Estimated tantamount population, in 1000. The cloacas are designed based on extremum flow to guarantee that the sewer pipes would be able to suit the effluent generated at any clip. 2.5.2 Factors Affecting Sewer Design In planing cloacas, there are a few factors as stated in MS1228:1991 that must be taken into consideration: Economy in the design The cloacas should be kept every bit short as possible and avoid unproductive lengths. Shallow rider cloacas can be laid under main roads holding expensive foundations and surfaces to have the local house connexion, and to link the riders at convenient points into the chief cloacas. Location of cloacas The cloacas should be placed within streets or right-of-way to ease the care work. .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 , .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .postImageUrl , .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 , .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8:hover , .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8:visited , .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8:active { border:0!important; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8:active , .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Building a Campfire There are many different campf EssayIf topography dictates, the cloaca is to be located within private belongingss, and supply equal entree for care intents. Location or the place of other bing or proposed service lines, constructing foundation, etc for care intents. A lower limit at 3 thousand horizontal and 1m perpendicular separation from the H2O chief should be provided to avoid the sewerage from come ining the H2O chief. The impact of sewer building and subsequent care activities towards route users. Hydraulic Design The cloacas should be laid at such gradients to bring forth equal speeds to convey the solid affair. The gradient should bring forth a minimal speed of non less than 0.8 m/s and a maximal speed of non more than 4.0 m/s to avoid scouring of cloaca by eroding action of suspended solid. Structural Design The deepness of cloacas must be equal to suit the sewerage from bing and future belongingss. The minimal deepness should be 1.2 m. The minimal size of the cloaca should be 200 millimeter in diameter in order to convey natural sewerage. Straight alliance and unvarying gradient between back-to-back manholes should be laid for cloacas of 600 millimeter or less in internal diameter while curves can be laid for cloacas of larger than 600 mm internal diameter. Flexible type and watertight articulations should be provided between cloacas, sewer manhole or other gear construction to avoid infiltration and breakage due to differential colony. The foundation should be able to keep the pipe in proper alliance and carry the weight of dirt above the cloaca and any other overlying burden. Service Connection The diameter of the connexion must be equal plenty to forestall obstruction jobs. The cloaca must hold a minimal gradient of 2 % . The minimal size of the connexion should be 150 millimeter. Tee junction should be used to link service connexion to the chief cloaca. 2.5.2.1 Gravity Sewer Design Sewers are designed to convey the effluent flows as required. By and large, it is non recommended to plan the cloacas for full flow, even at peak rates as the opportunities for job arising are high. The flows that cover above 90 % to 95 % of full deepnesss are considered unstable which may take to sudden loss of transporting capacity with surcharging at manholes as shown in Figure 2.2 ( Guyer, 2010 ) . Surcharging means that the pipe that is designed to flux full or partially full, is now transporting the flow under force per unit area. When the flow exceeds the design capacity, there will be surcharge in the manholes ( David and John, 2011 ) . Besides that, big bole and interceptor cloacas laid on level inclines experience less fluctuation in flow. If it is designed to flux full, the cloacas may miss sufficient air infinite above the liquid for proper airing. Ventilation in cloaca is of import in forestalling the buildup of explosive, caustic or odorous gases, and for cut downing th e formation of H sulphide. Therefore, the deepness of design flow for bole and interceptor cloacas should non transcend 90 % of full deepness ; laterals and chief cloacas, 80 % ; and edifice connexions, 70 % . Regardless of flow and deepness, the minimal sizes of sewer pipes to be used are 150 millimeters for service connexions and 200 millimeter for all other sewer types. The sewer pipes for service connexions are normally smaller than 150 millimeters as they merely convey liquids with small or no solids ( e.g. condensate lines ) . A condensate line of more than 100 millimeter is recommended for most state of affairss. Same design standards as healthful cloacas can be applied to industrial application except pipe stuff that is immune to the waste are to be specified. ( Guyer, 2010 ) Figure 2.2 ( a ) Part-full pipe flow without surcharge ( B ) Pipe flow with surcharge ( David and John, 2011 ) 2.6 Pipe Materials for Gravity Sewer There are many types of stuff which can be used for sewage building. However, the type of stuffs that we choose must depend on its life anticipation, old local experience, raggedness coefficient, structural strength and local handiness. Table 2.2 shows the common stuffs that are suited for healthful cloacas. Sewer pipes made by different stuff have different diameters and lengths. Table 2.2 Pipe Materials for Gravity Sewer Types of Pipe Material Length ( m ) Diameter ( millimeter ) Pipe Joints Vitrified clay pipe ( VCP ) 0.6 1.0 100 300 Flexible Reinforced concrete pipe A A A lt ; 375mm diameter 1.83 150 3000 Spigot A ; socket type with gum elastic rings gt ; 375mm diameter 3.05 Fabricated steel with sulfates resistance cement liner 9 100 1500 A A A A lt ; 750mm diameter A A Spigot A ; socket, rim and mechanical gt ; 750mm diameter A A Welded articulations Cast Fe 3.66 Vary Flange and spigot A ; socket type Asbestos cement pipe 4 100 600 A Plastic pipe 6 110 630 Spigot terminal and socket type with gum elastic seals, jointing by rims, welding and solvent cementing A A A A A A Other stuff A A A Chapter 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction In this research, a field work will be conducted to acquire the information that will be used to make the aims of this research. 3.2 Preliminary Plants This is the initial plants that has to be done before carry oning the field work at site. It includes information assemblage on the subject of sewage design and self-study on similar and related subjects in order to larn more. 3.2.1 Information Gathering A series of books, articles and online information has to be studied to obtain information on the subject of sewage design. Beginnings for sewage design largely come from abroad. However, the information on the method to measure the design standard is obtained from related research by a local university. 3.2.2 Standard Code of Practice for Design and Installation of Sewerage Systems ( MS1228:1991 ) With the mention to this codification book, the design standard and the factors to be considered for sewage design is obtained. The equations to cipher the extremum flow which depend on the population equivalent are all available in this standard codification of pattern. 3.3 Site Work A site has been identified for the field work informations aggregation. The location of this site is in Tropicana Indah. Approval is still pending from IWK for entree to their manholes. 3.3.1 Flow Characteristics Measurement The flow feature of a subdivision of sewage pipe systems can be measured by utilizing a flow metre. This flow metre is provided with detector which will automatically enter the flow, speed and H2O tallness at a specific clip interval, which in this instance is 5 proceedingss. Once the measuring is completed, the information from the flow metre will be linked to a computing machine that has Flowlink4 package. This package would help the plotting of graphs for the 3 parametric quantities ( flow, speed and tallness ) every bit good as transportation of informations to other package. From the information, the upper limit and minimal hourly flow rate can be obtained. The mean flow rate can be used to cipher per capita flow. Flow per capita = Average day-to-day flow ( m3/day ) / Entire population equivalent ( PE ) = m3/day/person The rating of peak factor and per capita flow for sewage can besides be done through the informations obtained from field experiment. The equations that are used for sewage design are as follow: a. Peak flow factor = 4.7 A- p-0.11 B. Average day-to-day flow = Flow per capita A- Pe = m3/day c. Peak domestic flow = Peak flow factor A- Average day-to-day flow = 4.7 A- p-0.11 A- Flow per capita A- Pe = m3/day From MS 1228:1991, the p value is an estimated PE in 1000s and the mean flow per capita is 225 L/day/person.

The Domestication History of Cotton (Gossypium)

The Domestication History of Cotton (Gossypium) Cotton (Gossypium sp.) is one of the most important and earliest domesticated non-food crops in the world. Used primarily for its fiber, cotton was domesticated independently in both the Old and New Worlds. The word cotton originated from the Arabic term al qutn, which became in Spanish algodà ³n and cotton in English. Key Takeaways: Domestication of Cotton Cotton is one of the earliest domesticated non-food crops, independently domesticated at least four different times in four different parts of the world.  The first cotton domesticate was from the wild tree form in Pakistan or Madagascar at least 6,000 years ago; the next oldest was domesticated in Mexico about 5,000 years ago.  Cotton processing, taking the cotton bolls and making them into fibers, is a global technique; spinning those fibers into strings for weaving was anciently accomplished by the use of spindle whorls in the New World and spinning wheels in the Old World.   Nearly all the cotton produced in the world today is the New World species Gossypium hirsutum, but before the 19th century, several species were grown on different continents. The four domesticated Gossypium species of the Malvaceae family are G. arboreum L., domesticated in the Indus Valley of Pakistan and India; G. herbaceum L. from Arabia and Syria; G. hirsutum from Mesoamerica; and G. barbadense from South America. All four domestic species and their wild relatives are shrubs or small trees which are traditionally grown as summer crops; domesticated versions are highly drought- and salt-tolerant crops that grow well in marginal, arid environments. Old World cotton has short, coarse, weak fibers that are today primarily used for stuffing and quilt making; New World cotton has higher production demands but provides longer and stronger fibers and higher yields. Making Cotton Wild cotton is photo-period sensitivein other words, the plant begins to germinate when the day length reaches a certain point. Wild cotton plants are perennial and their form is sprawling. Domestic versions are short, compact annual shrubs which do not respond to changes in day lengththats an advantage if the plant grows in places with cool winters because both wild and domestic kinds of cotton are frost-intolerant. Cotton fruits are capsules or bolls which contain several seeds covered by two kinds of fiber: short ones called fuzz and long ones called lint. Only the lint fibers are useful for making textiles, and the domestic plants have larger seeds covered with comparatively abundant lint. Cotton is traditionally harvested by hand, and then the cotton is ginnedprocessed to separate the seeds from the fiber. After the ginning process, the cotton fibers are batted with a wooden bow to make them more flexible and carded with a hand comb to separate the fibers before spinning. Spinning twists the individual fibers into a yarn, which can be completed by hand with a spindle and spindle whorl (in the New World) or with a spinning wheel (developed in the Old World). Old World Cotton Cotton was first domesticated in the Old World about 7,000 years ago; the earliest archaeological evidence for cotton use is from the Neolithic occupation of Mehrgarh, in the Kachi Plain of Balochistan, Pakistan, in the sixth millennium BC. Cultivation of G. arboreum began in the Indus Valley of India and Pakistan, and then eventually spread over Africa and Asia, whereas G. herbaceum was first cultivated in Arabia and Syria. The two main species, G. arboreum and G. herbaceum, are genetically very different and probably diverged well before domestication. Specialists agree that the wild progenitor of G. herbaceum was an African species, whereas the ancestor of G. arboreum is still unknown. Regions of the possible origin of the G. arboreum wild progenitor are likely Madagascar or the Indus Valley, where the most ancient evidence for cultivated cotton has been found. Gossypium arboreum Abundant archaeological evidence exists for the initial domestication and use of G. arboreum, by the Harappan (aka Indus Valley) civilization in Pakistan. Mehrgarh, the earliest agricultural village in the Indus Valley, holds multiple lines of evidence of cotton seeds and fibers beginning about 6000 BP. At Mohenjo-Daro, fragments of cloth and cotton textiles have been dated to the fourth millennium BCE, and archaeologists agree that most of the trade that made the city grow was based on cotton exportation. Raw material and finished cloth were exported from South Asia into Dhuweila in eastern Jordan by 6450–5000 years ago, and to Maikop (Majkop or Maykop) in the northern Caucasus by 6000 BP. Cotton fabric has been found at Nimrud in Iraq (8th–7th centuries BCE), Arjan in Iran (late 7th–early 6th centuries BCE) and Kerameikos in Greece (5th century BCE). According to Assyrian records of Sennacherib (705–681 BCE), cotton was grown in the royal botanical gardens at Nineveh, but cool winters there would have made large-scale production impossible. Because G. arboreum is a tropical and subtropical plant, cotton agriculture did not spread outside the Indian subcontinent until thousands of years after its domestication. Cotton cultivation is first seen in the Persian Gulf at Qalat al-Bahrain (ca 600–400 BCE), and in North Africa at Qasr Ibrim, Kellis and al-Zerqa between the 1st and 4th centuries CE. Recent investigations at Karatepe in Uzbekistan have found cotton production dated between ca. 300–500 CE. G. arboreum is thought to have been introduced into China as an ornamental plant about 1,000 years ago. Cotton may have been grown in the Xinjiang (China) province cities of Turfan and Khotan by the 8th century CE. Cotton was finally adapted to grow in more temperate climates by the Islamic Agricultural Revolution, and between 900–1000 CE, a boom in cotton production spread into Persia, Southwest Asia, North Africa and the Mediterranean Basin. Gossypium herbaceum G. herbaceum is much less well-known than G. arboreum. Traditionally it is known to grow in African open forests and grasslands. Characteristics of its wild species are a taller plant, compared to the domesticated shrubs, smaller fruit, and thicker seed coats. Unfortunately, no clear domesticated remains of G. herbaceum have been recovered from archaeological contexts. However, the distribution of its closest wild progenitor suggests a northward distribution toward North Africa, and the Near East. New World Cotton Among the American species, G. hirsutum was apparently cultivated first in Mexico, and G. barbadense later in Peru. However, a minority of researchers believe, alternatively, that the earliest type of cotton was introduced into Mesoamerica as an already domesticated form of G. barbadense from coastal Ecuador and Peru. Whichever story ends up to be correct, cotton was one of the first non-food plants domesticated by the prehistoric inhabitants of the Americas. In the Central Andes, especially in the north and central coasts of Peru, cotton was part of a fishing economy and a marine-based lifestyle. People used cotton to make fishing nets and other textiles. Cotton remains have been recovered in many sites on the coast especially in residential middens. Gossypium hirsutum (Upland cotton) The oldest evidence of Gossypium hirsutum in Mesoamerica comes from the Tehuacan valley and has been dated between 3400 and 2300 BCE. In different caves of the region, archaeologists affiliated to the project of Richard MacNeish found remains of fully domesticated examples of this cotton. Recent studies have compared bolls and cotton seeds retrieved from excavations in Guila Naquitz Cave, Oaxaca, with living examples of wild and cultivated G. hirsutum punctatum growing along the east coast of Mexico. Additional genetic studies (Coppens dEeckenbrugge and Lacape 2014) support the earlier results, indicating that G. hirsutum was likely originally domesticated in the Yucatn Peninsula. Another possible center of domestication for G. hirsutum is the Caribbean. In different eras and among different Mesoamerican cultures, cotton was a highly demanded good and a precious exchange item. Maya and Aztec merchants traded cotton for other luxury items, and nobles adorned themselves with woven and dyed mantles of the precious material. Aztec kings often offered cotton products to noble visitors as gifts and to army leaders as payment. Gossypium barbadense (Pima cotton) G. barbadense cultivars are known for their production of high-quality fiber and called variously Pima, Egyptian, or Sea Island cotton. The first clear evidence of domesticated Pima cotton comes from the Ancà ³n-Chillà ³n area of the central coast of Peru. The sites in this area show the domestication process began during the Preceramic period, beginning about 2500 BCE. By 1000 BCE the size and shape of Peruvian cotton bolls were indistinguishable from todays modern cultivars of G. barbadense. Cotton production began on the coasts, but eventually moved inland, facilitated by the construction of canal irrigation. By the Initial Period, sites such as Huaca Prieta contained domestic cotton 1,500 to 1,000 years before pottery and maize cultivation. Unlike in the old world, cotton in Peru was initially part of subsistence practices, used for fishing and hunting nets, as well as textiles, clothing and storage bags. Sources Bouchaud, Charlà ¨ne, Margareta Tengberg, and Patricia Dal Pr. Cotton Cultivation and Textile Production in the Arabian Peninsula During Antiquity; the Evidence from Madà ¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢in Sà ¢lih (Saudi Arabia) and Qal’at Al-Bahrain (Bahrain). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 20.5 (2011): 405–17. Print.Brite, Elizabeth Baker, and John M. Marston. Environmental Change, Agricultural Innovation, and the Spread of Cotton Agriculture in the Old World. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 32.1 (2013): 39–53. Print.Coppens dEeckenbrugge, Geo, and Jean–Marc Lacape. Distribution and Differentiation of Wild, Feral, and Cultivated Populations of Perennial Upland Cotton ( PLoS ONE 9.9 (2014): e107458. Print.Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Mesoamerica and the Caribbean.Du, Xiongming, et al. Resequencing of 243 Diploid Cotton Accessions Based on an Updated a Genome Identifies the Genetic Basis of Key Agronomic Traits. Nature Genetics 50.6 (2018): 796–802. Print.Mou lherat, Christophe, et al. First Evidence of Cotton at Neolithic Mehrgarh, Pakistan: Analysis of Mineralized Fibres from a Copper Bead. Journal of Archaeological Science 29.12 (2002): 1393–401. Print. Nixon, Sam, Mary Murray, and Dorian Fuller. Plant Use at an Early Islamic Merchant Town in the West African Sahel: The Archaeobotany of Essouk–Tadmakka (Mali). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 20.3 (2011): 223–39. Print.Reddy, Umesh K., et al. Genome-Wide Divergence, Haplotype Distribution and Population Demographic Histories for Gossypium Hirsutum and Gossypium Barbadense as Revealed by Genome–Anchored SNPs. Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 41285. Print.Renny–Byfield, Simon, et al. Independent Domestication of Two Old World Cotton Species. Genome Biology and Evolution 8.6 (2016): 1940–47. Print.Wang, Maojun, et al. Asymmetric Subgenome Selection and Cis-Regulatory Divergence During Cotton Domestication. Nature Genetics 49 (2017): 579. Print.Zhang, Shu–Wen, et al. Mapping of Fiber Quality Qtls Reveals Useful Variation and Footprints of Cotton Domestication Using Introgression Lines. Scientific Reports 6 (2016): 31954. Print. Updated by K. Kris Hirst

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